However, this response seems to be associated with amelioration in the respiratory function instead of changes in skeletal muscle. Respiratory muscle strength was determined by maximal inspiratory pressure was assessed by means of a pressure transducer (MVD500‐Globalmed, Brazil) as previously described.41. Previous studies show that inspiratory muscle training (IMT) decreases sympathetic nerve activity and improves muscle blood flow and functional capacity in patients with HFrEF.33-39 However, the effects of IMT on skeletal muscle myopathy in patients with HFrEF remain unknown. The results are expressed as the mean of the cross‐sectional area of all fibres captured for each sample. Sutili et al. The genus Croton is composed of 700 species and is distributed in tropical regions. Equal loading of samples (30 μg) and even transfer efficiency were monitored with the use of 0.5% Ponceau staining of the blot membrane. After filtration, the solvent was evaporated and the remained extract was lyophilized to obtain 12.6 g of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of C. campestris A. St.-Hill. Increased levels of microRNA‐1 can be also involved in postnatal myoblast differentiation by suppressing HDAC4, a predicted target gene of this myomiR.7, 10-12, 51-53 HDACs are well known for regulating muscle proliferation, differentiation, and growth through the regulation of histone acetylation. The sample size was calculated based upon a previous study,18 which demonstrated that to detect an 18% increase in peak VO2 at least 11 patients would be needed for each group. In addition, recent reports show that electro‐myostimulation is an important strategy to improve muscle structure, function, and atrophy in patients with chronic HErEF.72. Quorum sensing inhibitors as antipathogens: biotechnological applications. Aerobic exercise training (AET) significantly reduced PTEN protein levels (P = 0.003, Figure 3B). These changes were not observed in the patients enrolled in the IMT. Exposure of flies to CP induced significant impairments in survival and locomotor performance. Premature inspiratory muscle fatigue stimulates pulmonary ventilation.66 This response activates inspiratory muscle metaboreceptors that reflexively increase sympathetic nerve activity.66 The augmentation in sympathetic outflow causes skeletal muscle vasoconstriction that contributes to early fatigue.66 Our study shows that IMT increases peak VO2 in patients with chronic HFrEF. The percent change comparisons (post–pre) among groups showed that microRNA‐1 levels tended to be greater in the AET group when compared with control group (P = 0.07, Figure 2A). The preparation of MDA standards was performed as described by Karatas et al. 8‐cineole chemotype) significantly reduced biofilm formation in Aer. [36], and the MDA was detected by comparison with the standard curve and the results were expressed as μg/mL (). AET tended to increase p‐AKTser473/AKT ratio (P = 0.06, Figure 3D). No changes in p‐AKTser473/AKT ratio in the control and IMT groups were found. We speculate that increase in endothelial function and reduction in sympathetic nerve activity contribute to the amelioration in LBF. The potential of CP to induce ROS in the samples was evaluated in the presence or absence of a fraction of C. campestris A. St.-Hill. Supplementary material I: effects of exposure to different concentrations of MFCC (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL) on mortality of Drosophila melanogaster after 7 days of treatment. Patients diagnosed with HF, age 35 to 70 years, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (≤40%), New York Heart Association functional classes II–III, peak oxygen uptake ≤20 mL/kg/min, body mass index ≤35 kg/m2 treated with guideline‐directed medical therapy for HFrEF were invited to participate in the study. The lower mortality observed in the second experiment was probably due to the difference in fish size, since the concentration of Aeromonas inoculated in both experiments was the same. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, The protein levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), phospho‐AKT (p‐AKT), and phospho‐HDAC4 (p‐HDAC4) in the vastus lateralis muscle biopsy were analysed by western blotting, as previously described.45, 46 Frozen samples were homogenized in cell lysis buffer (100 mM Tris‐HCl, 50 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X‐100) and protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (1:100; Sigma‐Aldrich, USA). Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) comprises a phenolic acid found in different plant families and distributed in almost every part of the plants [43]. Like in mammals and in insects, the enzyme glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism and detoxification of both xenobiotic and physiological substances forming water-soluble conjugates facilitating their elimination [50]. II. For the experiments, female flies (1–4 days old) were divided into 4 groups of 40 flies in triplicate totaling 160 flies per treatment and exposed to solutions in soaked cotton wool. hydrophila, and HREO and OAEO showed potential to be used in infected fish. Biomarker results are represented in relation to the control group (CTL). A. Boligon et al., “HPLC analysis of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, M. T. Paula, A. P. Zemolin, A. P. Vargas et al., “Effects of Hg (II) exposure on MAPK phosphorylation and antioxidant system in, N. D. Bland, P. Robinson, J. E. Thomas, A. D. Shirras, A. J. Turner, and R. E. Isaac, “Locomotor and geotactic behavior of Drosophila melanogaster over-expressing neprilysin 2,”, G. L. Ellman, K. D. Courtney, V. Andres, and R. M. Featherstone, “A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity,”, V. A. Kostyuk and A. I. Potapovich, “Superoxide--driven oxidation of quercetin and a simple sensitive assay for determination of superoxide dismutase,”, W. H. Habig and W. B. Jakoby, “[51] Assays for differentiation of glutathione S-transferases,”, M. M. Bradford, “A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding,”, G. E. Macedo, K. K. Gomes, N. R. Rodrigues et al., “, M. A. Saraiva, E. da Rosa Ávila, G. F. da Silva et al., “Exposure of, F. Karatas, M. Karatepe, and A. Baysar, “Determination of free malondialdehyde in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography,”, B. Beliaeff and T. Burgeot, “Integrated biomarker response: a useful tool for ecological risk assessment,”, S. B. Nimse and D. Pal, “Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms,”, M. Jokanović, “Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides and possible association with neurodegenerative diseases in man: a review,”, I. R. G. Prudente, C. L. Cruz, L. de Carvalho Nascimento, C. C. Kaiser, and A. G. Guimarães, “Evidence of risks of renal function reduction due to occupational exposure to agrochemicals: a systematic review,”, A. Masoud, R. Kiran, and R. Sandhir, “Impaired mitochondrial functions in organophosphate induced delayed neuropathy in rats,”, H. Zhang, G. Du, and J. Zhang, “Assay of mitochondrial functions by resazurin in vitro,”, M. Daglia, A. All patients were evaluated at baseline and after 4 months. The occupational exposure and consumption of agrochemical residues have been associated with a larger incidence of neurodegenerative diseases [1]. This study was supported by CNPq (process #456207/2014-7), FAPERGS (process #2380-2551/14-8), and FAPERGS/PRONEX (#16/25510000499-4). AET, aerobic exercise training; BMI, body mass index; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IMT, inspiratory muscle training; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; VO. The area above 0 reflects the induction of the biomarker, and that below 0 indicates the reduction of the biomarker. Representative high-performance liquid chromatography profile of, Effects of exposure to CP and MFCC on mortality (a), locomotor performance (b), ROS generation (c), and cell viability (d) in, Representative chromatograms of malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis obtained in 30 mM KH, Activity of enzymes AChE, SOD, catalase, and GST in, Effects of isolated or combined phenolic compounds in the presence or absence of CP on mortality of. Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) results in a variety of aldehydes, and MDA is the most abundant and best studied of these molecules. The experimental groups were as follows: control group (1% sucrose), MFCC group (treated with 0.1 mg/mL methanolic fraction dissolved in 1% sucrose), CP group (treated with 0.25 ppm CP diluted in 1% sucrose), and CP/MFCC cotreatment group. Our study shows that AET increases the follistatin expression by increasing microRNA‐1 levels and by upregulating mTOR/MyoD feedback on microRNA‐1, which is important stimuli to myoblast fusion. Despite the differences observed for the haematocrit among the groups, all treatments presented values within the basal range previously reported for the species (Tavares‐Dias et al. Aerobic exercise duration increased progressively so that all patients could perform 40 min of cycling at the established intensity.18, The data are presented as means ± SE. Karen Kich Gomes, Giulianna Echeverria Macedo, Nathane Rosa Rodrigues, Cynthia Camila Ziech, Illana Kemmerich Martins, Jéssica Ferreira Rodrigues, Patrícia de Brum Vieira, Aline Augusti Boligon, Francisco Elizaudo de Brito Junior, Irwin R. A. de Menezes, Jeferson Luis Franco, Thaís Posser, "Croton campestris A. St.-Hill Methanolic Fraction in a Chlorpyrifos-Induced Toxicity Model in Drosophila melanogaster: Protective Role of Gallic Acid", Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT01747395). 200 flies were used per group, which were divided into 4–9 biological replicates, performed in triplicate. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) was conducted for 30 min, five times a week, for 4 months using a resistive loading device (POWERbreathe‐Plus®, POWERbreathe International Limited, UK). Dried leaves (2200 g) were macerated in 6.5 L of 99.9% of ethanol and water (1 : 1, ) and allowed to rest for 7 days. Note that despite the increase in microRNA‐1 levels, the PI3K‐AKT pathway is increased, which seems to be associated with a reduction in PTEN levels. 124.7k Followers, 566 Following, 938 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Júlia Vigas (@juliavigas) Therefore, the EOs appear to act as an additional stressor during baths, besides handling. The concentrations used for each compound were based on their quantities revealed in the chromatographic profile of the MFCC. 2015). No changes in PI3K protein levels in the control and IMT groups were found. However, the mechanisms underlying the skeletal myopathy in patients with HFrEF are not completely understood. Briefly, after treatments were finished, 10 flies per group were anesthetized in ice and placed in vertical glass tubes (length 25 cm, diameter 1.5 cm) closed with cotton. These results support the therapeutic application of such products against bacterial diseases, in addition to their use as sedatives and anaesthetics. These changes improve protein synthesis, skeletal muscle differentiation, and myocyte fusion. Among the major compounds found in MFCC, only gallic acid (GA) showed a protective role against CP while quercetin and caffeic acid alone were ineffective. (Sutili et al. Therefore, MFCC may be considered a promising source of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of organophosphate intoxications. The effect of these EOs in the first survival assay was probably not due to their bactericidal activity; instead, the subinhibitory concentrations of the EOs may have decreased Aer. AET significantly increased PI3K protein levels (P = 0.01, Figure 3C). B. T. Rocha, F. F. G. Rodrigues, A. R. Campos, and J. G. M. da Costa, “Chemical composition, antibacterial and antibiotic modulatory effect of, F. E. B. Júnior, D. R. de Oliveira, E. B. Bento et al., “Antiulcerogenic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Croton campestris A. St.-Hill in rodents,”, E. F. F. Matias, K. K. A. Santos, T. S. Almeida, J. G. M. Costa, and H. D. M. Coutinho, “Phytochemical prospection and modulation of aminoglycoside antibiotic activity by, F. El Babili, N. Fabre, C. Moulis, and I. Fouraste, “Molluscicidal activity against Bulinus truncatus of Croton campestris,”, H. de S Falcão, I. O. Lima, V. L. dos Santos et al., “Review of the plants with anti-inflammatory activity studied in Brazil,”, F. E. B. Júnior, G. E. Macedo, A. P. Zemolin et al., “Oxidant effects and toxicity of, Y. Tian, J. Liimatainen, A.-L. Alanne et al., “Phenolic compounds extracted by acidic aqueous ethanol from berries and leaves of different berry plants,”, Y. Kalender, S. Kaya, D. Durak, F. G. Uzun, and F. Demir, “Protective effects of catechin and quercetin on antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation and testis-histoarchitecture induced by chlorpyrifos in male rats,”, S. Kaur, N. Singla, and D. K. Dhawan, “Neuro-protective potential of quercetin during chlorpyrifos induced neurotoxicity in rats,”, A. These molecular responses, associated with the increase in muscle fibre cross‐sectional area (Figure 6), certainty contribute to the amelioration in the skeletal myopathy in chronic heart failure. Thirty‐three patients finished the study protocol: control (n = 10; LVEF = 25 ± 1%; six males), IMT (n = 11; LVEF = 31 ± 2%; three males), and AET (n = 12; LVEF = 26 ± 2%; seven males). Firstly, the methanolic fraction of C. campestris A. St.-Hill was dissolved in ethanol at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Fourty‐four HFrEF patients were randomized into control group, IMT group, and AET group. Effects of dietary levels of essential oil (EO) extract from bitter lemon (itrus limon) fruit peels on growth, biochemical, haemato‐immunological parameters and disease resistance in Juvenile abeo victorianus fingerlings challenged with eromonas hydrophila. The antibacterial and physiological effects of pure and nanoencapsulated Origanum majorana essential oil on fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. The minimum required attendance in the exercise training sessions for inclusion in the study was 75%. Through HPLC, the presence of phenolic compounds belonging to the phenolic acids and flavonoid groups was identified. After screening, 44 HFrEF patients were randomized into three groups: (i) control group (n = 12), (ii) IMT group (n = 16), and (iii) AET group (n = 16). In addition, HDAC4 levels decrease, which leads to an increase in follistatin, MEF2C, and MyoD levels. A. Boligon, V. Janovik, A. In the literature, oxidative stress is an important mechanism implied in CP toxicity. The assays were performed according to previously described protocols [34]. The association of CP and MFCC did not inhibit the induction in GST activity promoted by CP (Figure 4(d)). The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest. Surely, this topic deserves future investigation. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Assessment of dietary supplementation with galactomannan oligosaccharides and phytogenics on gut microbiota of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) fed low fishmeal and fish oil based diet. Working off-campus? Both effects were not observed when the plant was present. Dietary Aloysia triphylla essential oil on growth performance and biochemical and haematological variables in Nile tilapia. All tested EOs presented antibacterial properties against Aer. Binding of the primary antiPTEN was detected by peroxidase conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen, #65‐6120), and enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Amersham Biosciences, USA) and detection were performed in a digitalizing unit by ChemiDoc (BioRad, USA). Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Essential Oils: A Systematic Review. The results are represented as (SEM). The bands were analysed using Image Studio Lite software (LI‐COR Biosciences, USA). The survival and hepatic and muscle glucose and lactate levels of Rhamdia quelen inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila and treated with terpinen-4-ol, carvacrol or thymol. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is the major mechanism implied in CP toxicity. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. 3: Essential Oils Constituted by Prop-1(2)-enylbenzene Derivatives Used for Treatment of Microbial Infections. In contrast, follistatin mRNA levels were significantly increased in the AET (P = 0.02, Figure 3F). After extraction, the total RNA concentration was quantified using NanoDrop Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, USA) and checked for integrity by EtBr‐agarose gel electrophoresis. The CP acts by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting in the accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, causing hyperstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and disruption of neurotransmission [4, 5]. The antioxidant activity is one of the multiple biological effects attributed to phenolic compounds and is related to their metal ion-chelating activity and free radical scavenging activity. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, Study design. The statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and the Newman-Keuls post hoc test. Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation has been strongly recommended in the management of HF patients.13 This intervention improves functional capacity, exercise intolerance, and quality of life in patients with HFrEF.14 However, it remains unclear whether exercise training impacts the risk of mortality and hospitalization in this set of patients.15 The clinical improvement in exercise‐trained patients with HFrEF has been associated with changes in neurovascular control, inflammatory response, and amelioration in skeletal myopathy.5 Aerobic exercise training (AET) has been shown to provoke a remarkable reduction in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and vasoconstriction.16-25 In skeletal muscle, AET reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism and improves the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation.3, 5, 26, 27 Moreover, there are data supporting the notion that AET can increase and/or decrease skeletal muscle myomiRs and, in consequence, alter skeletal muscle phenotype in cardiovascular diseases.28-32. In the first in vivo assay HREO and OAEO promoted survival in fish infected with Aer. These alterations provoke vasoconstriction and muscle underperfusion, which chronically contribute to skeletal muscle metabolic disturbances, including increase in reactive oxygen species, inflammation, shift toward fast‐twitch fibres, and imbalance in skeletal muscle protein degradation and synthesis. Treatment for OP intoxication includes the use of atropine (anticholinergic), oximes (AChE reactivators), and benzodiazepines (anticonvulsants) [11]. Further comparisons showed that the changes in LBF caused by AET and IMT were greater than those found in the control group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.05, respectively, Figure 5A). Previous studies demonstrate that AET increases endothelial‐mediated blood flow and reduces muscle sympathetic nerve activity in chronic heart failure.4, 5, 16-24, 63, 64 IMT also increased LBF,33, 65 but the mechanisms underlying this response are virtually unknown. The effects of essential oils and their major compounds on fish bacterial pathogens – a review. In Drosophila, this enzyme has been associated with resistance to organophosphate [48]. After ensuring adequate local anaesthesia, a small incision was made in the skin and subcutaneous tissue (0.5 cm in length and 1 cm in depth). [28] with some modifications. Impairment and uncoupling of specific respiratory chain complexes under some stress conditions favor the formation of free radicals. The authors thank Drs. Both interventions increased LBF (IMT, P = 0.04, and AET, P = 0.02, Figure 5A). The remaining supernatant was centrifuged at 20000 × g for 30 min at 4°C for measurements of superoxide dismutase (SOD) [30], catalase (CAT) [31], and glutathione S-transferase (GST) [32]. The fraction blocked those effects thus preventing fly mortality. LC50 found by Probit analysis was 0.21 ppm for 40 female flies after 48 h of treatment (Supplementary material II). 2014). However, these treatments are often inefficient [12]. AChE inhibition is the main mechanism of action for organophosphates. In this work, the organophosphate CP induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GST. Blocking was performed with 10% goat serum (Sigma‐Aldrich, G9023) in PBS for 45 min. Epling: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Fixed muscle sections were submitted to immunohistochemistry for laminin (Abcam, ab7784) to analyse the cross‐sectional area. Following the treatments, parameters such as mortality, locomotor behavior, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. Parameters of toxicity described in Material and Methods for different treatments were combined into a stress index termed “integrated biomarker response” (IBR) described by Beliaeff and Burgeot [37]. The statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and the Newman-Keuls post hoc test. In comparison with other compounds, only gallic acid avoided CP toxicity. Copyright © 2020 Karen Kich Gomes et al. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, (a) Essential oils (EOs) activity against, (a, b and c) Silver catfish responses after preventive essential oils (EOs) baths (1 h daily/5 days). We hypothesized that (i) aerobic exercise training (AET) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) would change skeletal muscle microRNA‐1 expression and downstream‐associated pathways in patients with HFrEF and (ii) AET and IMT would increase leg blood flow (LBF), functional capacity, and quality of life in these patients. By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, Personalized preventive medicine: genetics and the response to regular exercise in preventive interventions, Aerobic exercise training in heart failure: impact on sympathetic hyperactivity and cardiac and skeletal muscle function, Adaptations in autonomic function during exercise training in heart failure, Effects of exercise training on neurovascular control and skeletal myopathy in systolic heart failure, Circulating myomiRs: a new class of biomarkers to monitor skeletal muscle in physiology and medicine, Muscle‐specific microRNAs in skeletal muscle development, Roles of the canonical myomiRs miR‐1, ‐133 and ‐206 in cell development and disease, MicroRNA in skeletal muscle development, growth, atrophy, and disease, Functions of miR‐1 and miR‐133a during the postnatal development of masseter and gastrocnemius muscles, Mammalian target of rapamycin regulates miRNA‐1 and follistatin in skeletal myogenesis, The role of microRNA‐1 and microRNA‐133 in skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation, ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). The exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is mostly attributed to alterations in skeletal muscle. Pimobendan Multicenter Research Group, Incidence of adverse events associated with percutaneous muscular biopsy among healthy and diseased subjects, Exercise training prevents the microvascular rarefaction in hypertension balancing angiogenic and apoptotic factors: role of microRNAs‐16, ‐21, and ‐126, Obesity downregulates microRNA‐126 inducing capillary rarefaction in skeletal muscle: effects of aerobic exercise training, Muscle specific microRNAs are regulated by endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle, ES cells overexpressing microRNA‐1 attenuate apoptosis in the injured myocardium, MicroRNA‐1 transfected embryonic stem cells enhance cardiac myocyte differentiation and inhibit apoptosis by modulating the PTEN/Akt pathway in the infarcted heart, Akt/mTOR pathway contributes to skeletal muscle anti‐atrophic effect of aerobic exercise training in heart failure mice, HDAC4 regulates skeletal muscle regeneration via soluble factors, MicroRNAs involved in skeletal muscle differentiation, Identification and expression of HDAC4 targeted by miR‐1 and miR‐133a during early development in Paralichthys olivaceus, Class II histone deacetylases: versatile regulators, MiR‐206 attenuates denervation‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rats through regulation of satellite cell differentiation via TGF‐β1, Smad3, and HDAC4 signaling, HDAC4‐myogenin axis as an important marker of HD‐related skeletal muscle atrophy, Skeletal muscle denervation causes skeletal muscle atrophy through a pathway that involves both Gadd45a and HDAC4, The role of microRNA‐1 and microRNA‐206 in the proliferation and differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells, Role of IGF‐I in follistatin‐induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy, Muscle hypertrophy induced by myostatin inhibition accelerates degeneration in dysferlinopathy, Heart failure‐induced skeletal myopathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity predicts mortality in heart failure patients, Chronic heart failure and aging—effects of exercise training on endothelial function and mechanisms of endothelial regeneration: results from the Leipzig Exercise Intervention in Chronic heart failure and Aging (LEICA) study, Effect of exercise training on endothelial function in heart failure patients: a systematic review meta‐analysis, Inspiratory muscle training in heart disease and heart failure: a review of the literature with a focus on method of training and outcomes, The contribution of inspiratory muscles function to exercise limitation in heart failure: pathophysiological mechanisms, Effects of exercise preconditioning and HSP72 on diaphragm muscle function during mechanical ventilation, Effect of increased inspiratory muscle work on blood flow to inactive and active limbs during submaximal dynamic exercise, Inspiratory muscle training improves intercostal and forearm muscle oxygenation in patients with chronic heart failure: evidence of the origin of the respiratory metaboreflex, Exercise training and heart failure: a review of the literature, Exercise training in patients with ventricular assist devices: a review of the evidence and practical advice.
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